Effects of acupuncture and pelvic floor muscle training on bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury: A meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to systematically review and quantify the association between acupuncture and pelvic floor muscle exercise and bladder dysfunction rehabilitation in individuals with spinal nerve injury. METHODS: A meta-analysis was conducted using an evidence-based nursing analysis method based on clinical evidence. China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed, VIP database, Wan Fang database, Cochrane Library, and other databases were searched by computer from January 1, 2000 to January 1, 2021. The literature was searched for clinical randomized controlled trials on acupuncture stimulation, pelvic floor muscle function training, and bladder function recovery training after spinal cord nerve injury. Two reviewers independently used The Cochrane Collaboration recommended randomized controlled trial risk of bias assessment tool to evaluate the quality of the literature. Then, the meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS: A total of 20 studies were included, with a total sample size of 1468 cases, including 734 patients in the control group and 734 patients in the experimental group. The results of our meta-analysis showed that acupuncture treatment [OR = 3.98, 95% CI (2.77, 5.72), Z = 7.49, P < .001] and pelvic floor muscle treatment [OR = 7.63, 95% CI (4.47, 13.04), Z = 7.45, P < .001] was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Acupuncture and pelvic floor muscle exercise are effective intervention and treatment methods, which have obvious effects on rehabilitation treatment of bladder dysfunction after spinal nerve injury.

A combined approach using slightly acidic electrolyzed water and UV exposure to improve egg internal quality during storage.

This study investigated the combined efficacy of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) and UV light (UV) in improving egg internal quality (weight loss, Haugh unit, yolk index, albumen pH) over a 6-wk storage time at 25°C. Eggs were preserved after immersion for 4 min in SAEW (30 mg/L), irradiation for 4 min under a UV lamp, or a combination of SAEW and UV treatment for 4 min. The combination of SAEW and UV inhibited the deterioration of yolk index over the storage period, as well as reducing the extent of decrease in Haugh unit and of weight loss during storage at 25°C, and it was more effective than SAEW or UV alone in maintaining egg internal quality (P < 0.05). The results highlight the promising use of a SAEW and UV combination treatment to improve egg internal quality during storage.

Application of slightly acidic electrolyzed water and ultraviolet light for Salmonella enteritidis decontamination of cell suspensions and surfaces of artificially inoculated plastic poultry transport coops and other facility surfaces.

The efficiency of combination treatment of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) and ultraviolet light (UV) for inactivation of Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis) on the surface of plastic poultry coops and other facility surfaces was evaluated in the presence of organic matter. The bactericidal activities of SAEW, UV + SAEW, and composite phenol (CP) for inactivating S. enteritidis were also compared. Moreover, a model of UV + SAEW treatment of plastic transport coops with different times and available chlorine concentrations (ACC) was developed using multiple linear regression analysis. There are differences between SAEW and CP inactivation of S. enteritidis on coops, stainless steel, and glass surfaces (P < 0.05), and there are no differences between SAEW and CP on tire surfaces (P > 0.05). Disinfection of some rough material surfaces with SAEW treatment alone under feces interference on poultry farms may need a longer treatment time and/or a higher ACC than smooth surfaces. The combined treatment of UV and SAEW showed higher inactivation efficiency of S. enteritidis compared to CP and SAEW treatment alone (P < 0.05) in pure cultures or on the facility surfaces. A complete 100% inactivation of S. enteritidis on plastic poultry coop surfaces was obtained by using UV + SAEW with an ACC of 90 mg/L for more than 70 s. The established model had a good fit that was quantified by the determination coefficient R2 (0.93) and a lack of fit test (P > 0.05). The bactericidal efficiency of UV + SAEW increased with greater ACC and increasing time. The findings of this study indicate that the combination treatment of UV and SAEW may be a promising disinfection method and could be used instead of SAEW alone, especially on rough materials in the presence of organic matter on poultry farms.

The synergistic effects of slightly acidic electrolyzed water and UV-C light on the inactivation of Salmonella enteritidis on contaminated eggshells.

Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis) infection has been recognized as one of the most common bacterial causes of human gastroenteritis worldwide and is closely associated with eggs. Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) is an emerging environmentally friendly technology for disinfecting eggshell surfaces to remove dirt and pathogenic microorganisms. However, the efficiency of SAEW could be affected by the presence of manure. UV-based advanced oxidation processes have been studied to improve the microorganism's inactivation effect of disinfection. Therefore, in this study, the synergistic bactericidal efficacy of SAEW and UV-C light (ultraviolet lamp, λ = 254 nm) for inactivation of S. enteritidis on artificially inoculated eggshells with or without manure was evaluated, and the bactericidal efficacy of different combination treatments of SAEW and UV-C light was compared. Without manure interference, complete inactivation (reduction of 6.54 log10 CFU/g) of S. enteritidis on the surface of eggshells was achieved following a 4-min treatment with SAEW+UV at an available chlorine concentration (ACC) of 20 mg/L. In the presence of manure, a 3.02 log reduction was achieved following a 4-min treatment with SAEW+UV at an ACC of 30 mg/L. Simultaneous treatment with SAEW and UV light exhibits higher bactericidal activity for eggshells than other combination process methods with UV and SAEW. The results suggest that the combined treatment of SAEW+UV is a novel method to enhance the microbial safety of eggshells.

Efficacy of slightly acidic electrolyzed water on the microbial safety and shelf life of shelled eggs.

This study evaluated the efficacy of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) for the inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis and Escherichia coli on shelled eggs as well as studied the shelf life and internal quality attributes (i.e., weight loss, Haugh unit, yolk index, albumen pH, and yolk pH) of eggs during storage at 25°C. The decontamination test egg samples (freshly laid) were inoculated and immersed for 1, 2, 3, and 4 min in each treatment (i.e., SAEW, acidic electrolyzed water, NaClO solution, and sterile deionized water) at available chlorine concentrations (ACCs) of 10, 18 and 26 mg/L. The storage test eggs (freshly laid) were immersed for 3 min in 4 treatments (i.e., SAEW, acidic electrolyzed water, NaClO solution, and no treatment) and stored for 30 D at 25°C. The effects of the SAEW on microbiological qualities and freshness parameters were investigated. Decontamination of eggs with SAEW showed an equivalent or higher bactericidal effect compared to other treatments. A complete inactivation of S. Enteritidis and E. coli on the surface of shelled egg samples resulted from treatment with SAEW at an ACC of 26 mg/L for 3 and 4 min, respectively. Almost all of the egg quality parameters investigated in the present study were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the storage time. As storage time increased, the yolk index and Haugh unit value decreased, and weight loss, albumen pH, and yolk pH increased. However, SAEW treatment minimized weight loss (5.52%) and preserved the albumen and yolk quality better than no treatment at 25°C. Relative to acidic electrolyzed water and NaClO solution, the advantages of SAEW are reduced corrosion of egg surfaces and potentially less water and CO2 escaping from eggshell pores. The results highlight the promising use of SAEW to enhance the microbial safety and to extend the shelf life of shelled eggs. Future combined methods with SAEW and other treatments are also needed.

Modeling disinfection of plastic poultry transport cages inoculated with Salmonella enteritids by slightly acidic electrolyzed water using response surface methodology.

In order to reduce the risk of enteric pathogens transmission in animal farms, the disinfection effectiveness of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW, pH 5.85 to 6.53) for inactivating Salmonella Enteritidis on the surface of plastic poultry transport cages was evaluated. The coupled effects of the tap water cleaning time (5 to 15 s), SAEW treatment time (20 to 40 s), and available chlorine concentrations (ACCs) of 30 to 70 mg/l on the reductions of S. Enteritidis on chick cages were investigated using a central composite design of the response surface methodology (RSM). The established RS model had a goodness of fit quantified by the parameter R2 (0.971), as well as a lack of fit test (P>0.05). The maximum reduction of 3.12 log10 CFU/cm2 for S. Enteritidis was obtained for the cage treated with tap water cleaning for 15 s followed by SAEW treatment for 40 s at an ACC of 50 mg/l. Results indicate that the established RS model has shown the potential of SAEW in disinfection of bacteria on cages.